GEOGRAFIS
Kepulauan Karimunjawa terletak pada 05' 40' - 05’ 57' LS dan 110’ 04' - 110’ 40' BT secara geografis terletak di Laut Jawa, arah barat laut dari Jepara. Luas wilayah teritorial Karimunjawa 107.225 ha, sebagian besar berupa lautan (100.105 ha) dengan luas daratan 7.120 ha yang terdiri atas gugusan pulau berjumlah 27 putau besar dan kecil. Pulau terbesar yaitu P. Karimunjawa (4.302,5 ha).
Meskipun luas daratan setiap pulau relatif kecil dan terpencar menjadi 27 pulau, namun kontribusi daratan terhadap sistem keseimbangan alam, daya dukung lingkungan, dan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan penduduk mempunyai ikatan yang cukup besar dan tak bisa dipisahkan.
Suhu rata-rata 26 - 300C, dimana suhu maksimum 34 C. ketembaban nisbi antara 70-85% . Musim kemarau (musim timuran) terjadi antara bulan Juni - Agustus. Rata-rata penyinaran matahari antara 70-80% setiap harinya. Bulan kering terjadi sekitar bulan Maret Agustus Musim pancaroba 1 berlangsung antara bulan September - Oktober. Pada periode ini ang in didominasi dari Barat - Barat Laut, kadang-kadang juga dari Timur dan Utara dengan kecepatan yang bervariasi.
Musim penghujan (musim baratan) berlangsung antara butan November - Maret, angin bertiup cukup kencang dengan gelombang laut yang besar. Rata -rata penyinaran matahari sekitar 30 - 60% setiap harinya. Butan Januari merupakan bulan terbasah dengan curah hujan mencapai 400 mm/bu[an. Pada saat ini gelombang laut relatif besar, berkisar antara 0,4 - 1,25 m bahkan pada saat cuaca buruk di laut terbuka tinggi gelombang dapat mencapai > 1,7 m . Angin bertjup cukup kencang dengan arah bervariasi dari Barat - Barat Laut, kecepatan rata-rata 7 - 16 knot, kadang kadang dapat mencapai 21 knot. Setetah musim penghujan berakhjr ditanjutkan dengan musim pancaroba 11 antara April - Mei. Antara bulan Maret - Mei arah angin lebih bervariasi dari Barat dan Timur silih berganti dengan kecepatan rata-rata antara 4 - 10 knot.
sumber:
Lihat juga:
http://www।visitkarimunjawa.blogspot.com
karimunjawa, karimun, karimun, karimun, pulau karimun, kepulauan karimunjawa
http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04172006-125357/unrestricted/Diener_Keith_W_200601_MA.pdf
BalasHapushttp://search.barnesandnoble.com/Arguing-about-Law/Andrew-Altman/e/9780534543525/?itm=1?tabname=custreview#TABS
http://www.tlcustom.com/cengage/student.do?disciplinenumber=5&product_isbn=9780534543525&courseid=PH04&codeid=5C62&sortByShow=all&sortBy=copyrightYear&instructorFlag=true&newProducts=false&codeFlag=true
These unjust laws create no obligation to
BalasHapusobey and no legal authority. Unjust laws are not to be obeyed absent exigent
circumstances, such as when the common good is temporarily dependent upon obeying
an unjust law
A sovereign rules
independently of notions of morality and need not necessarily be just in his rule. That is,
there need not be the necessary connection between law and morality as proposed by
natural law theorists.
Another facet of his theory is the important distinction also advocated by Jeremy
Bentham between law as it is and law as it ought to be. The former means there may be
unjust laws in force, though this is a separate question from the latter which prescribes
whether or not laws should be unjust or just (or, for that matter, if they should be any
other way).18
http://www.emich.edu/gened/files/PHIL355ProposalSyllabus.pdf
In the Chapter Two, Altman explicates various theories related to the age-old Natural Law vs. Positive Law debate. He identifies three versions of Natural-Law theory: (1) the "traditional" version of Thomas Aquinas; (2) the "fidelity" version of Lon Fuller; and (3) the "interpretive" version of Ronald Dworkin. The author attributes to Aquinas a belief that "rules of positive law that conflict with principles of natural law are invalid" and, therefore, carry no legal authority. In describing Fuller’s "fidelity" version of natural law, Altman says it holds that "a moral reason always exists to obey the rules of any system of positive law"; however, "[i]n the case of any given rule of positive law, that reason may be outweighed by weightier moral reasons for disobeying the law." Finally, of Dworkin’s version Altman says that, rather than claiming that a legal rule must be consistent with natural law to be legally valid, "it claims that the positive law cannot be properly interpreted and applied without the introduction of moral judgments." The author’s assessment of each of these natural-law theories indicates a generous degree of skepticism on his part. But, the positive-law theories fare little better. Here he describes and assesses the works of John Austin and H.L.A. Hart. In Austin’s view, as seen by Altman, legal validity and moral validity are two separate questions. What makes a law legally valid is the fact that it is issued by the sovereign. Sovereignty, however, is a question of power. One is obligated to follow the law because failure to do so will result in sanctions. The author describes Hart as a critic of Austin, believing that Hart’s view of positive law would not distinguish government from a gunman. When the gunman says "your money or your life," one may comply to avoid a sanction, but that doesn’t make the gunman’s demand a law. One might be "obliged" to comply, but not "obligated". The obligation concept is explained in terms of "the idea of a rule." A rule exists when people generally (1) act in a certain way and (2) regard deviations from that way of acting as something to be criticized. Given Altman’s skepticism regarding all three natural-law theories, one might expect him to be more amenable to one or both the positive-law theories. He acknowledges the clarity with which Austin’s theory "explains, distinguishes, and relates the various concepts he uses in analyzing the phenomenon of law," but nonetheless asserts that "the direct arguments [Austin] makes against traditional natural law theory are unpersuasive as they stand." As for Hart, Altman says, "[His] problem is that he never clearly explains why the existence of a legal obligation depends not simply on whose power is imposing but on how the power is being exercised."
BalasHapus